History of Haines Borough, Alaska
Haines Borough, located in southeastern Alaska, is a region known for its natural beauty, rich cultural history, and strong connection to both Native Alaskan and European settlers. Formed in 1968, Haines Borough encompasses a diverse landscape of coastal waters, towering mountains, and lush forests. This area has been home to the Tlingit people for thousands of years and later became a site of European exploration, fur trading, and gold rush activity. Today, Haines is a popular destination for outdoor recreation and tourism, drawing visitors with its stunning scenery, wildlife, and historical significance.
Haines Borough Facts
- Founded: August 29, 1968
- Population: Approximately 2,500 (as of 2020)
- Area: 2,344 square miles
- Area Code: 907
- ZIP Codes: 99827
- Borough Seat: Haines
- Major Cities: Haines, Lutak, Mosquito Lake, Klukwan
- Famous Landmarks:
- Fort William H. Seward
- Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve
- Haines Highway
- Glacier Bay National Park (nearby)
- Alaska Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve
Early History of Haines Borough (Pre-1800s)
The Tlingit People
For thousands of years before European contact, the Tlingit people inhabited what is now Haines Borough. The Tlingit are one of Alaska’s Indigenous groups, known for their complex social structures, totem poles, and vibrant culture. The Chilkat Tlingit, a prominent clan in the area, controlled trade routes that spanned from the interior of Alaska to the Pacific Coast, trading items such as furs, copper, and fish. The region’s rivers and forests provided an abundance of natural resources, supporting a subsistence lifestyle centered on fishing, hunting, and gathering.
One of the most significant Tlingit settlements in the area is Klukwan, a village that remains a cultural hub for the Chilkat Tlingit. The village was strategically located near the confluence of the Chilkat River and the Pacific Ocean, which provided access to fishing and trade. The Chilkat people were also known for their intricate weaving of Chilkat blankets, a highly valued art form that continues to this day.
European Exploration and the Fur Trade (1700s-1800s)
Russian and British Exploration (1740s-1867)
European interest in Alaska began in the mid-18th century with Russian explorers, followed by British and Spanish expeditions. Russian fur traders, attracted by the region’s rich fur-bearing animals such as sea otters and beavers, established trade relationships with the Tlingit in the late 1700s. These traders brought metal tools, guns, and other goods to exchange for furs, marking the beginning of European influence in the region.
By the early 19th century, British explorers, including Captain George Vancouver, mapped the coastline of southeastern Alaska, further establishing European interest in the region. The fur trade became the dominant economic activity during this period, with the Tlingit acting as intermediaries between European traders and inland tribes.
U.S. Acquisition of Alaska (1867)
In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in a transaction known as “Seward’s Folly.” The purchase included the land that would become Haines Borough. At the time, the region remained sparsely populated, with few European settlers and limited infrastructure. However, the U.S. government’s interest in the area grew as the economic potential of Alaska’s natural resources, including fish, timber, and minerals, became evident.
Gold Rush and Early Settlement (1880s-1900s)
The Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899)
The discovery of gold in the Klondike region of Canada in 1896 brought a flood of prospectors to southeastern Alaska, including the Haines area, which became a crucial gateway to the gold fields. Haines’ location at the head of the Lynn Canal made it an ideal starting point for those traveling to the interior. Thousands of prospectors passed through Haines on their way to the gold fields, spurring the development of infrastructure and businesses to support the influx of people.
The Klondike Gold Rush led to the rapid growth of Haines, which transformed from a small Tlingit trading post into a bustling frontier town. Businesses, saloons, and trading posts sprang up to cater to the needs of the miners and other settlers arriving in the region. Although the gold rush itself was short-lived, it left a lasting impact on the region’s economy and infrastructure.
Fort William H. Seward (1902)
In 1902, the U.S. Army established Fort William H. Seward (later known as Chilkoot Barracks) near Haines to assert American control over the region and protect U.S. interests during the turbulent gold rush years. The fort was one of the first permanent military installations in Alaska and played a crucial role in maintaining order in the area. The presence of the fort also helped spur economic growth, as soldiers and their families brought new businesses and services to the region.
Fort William H. Seward remained active through World War II and became a cultural and historical landmark after it was decommissioned in 1945. Today, the fort’s well-preserved buildings are a popular tourist attraction, showcasing the military history of Alaska.
20th Century Growth and Development (1900s-1960s)
Fishing, Timber, and Infrastructure Growth
Following the gold rush, Haines transitioned to a more stable economy centered on fishing, timber, and tourism. Commercial fishing, particularly for salmon, became a vital industry in the region, with canneries and fishing boats operating out of the Lynn Canal. The abundant waters around Haines provided a rich source of seafood, which was processed locally and shipped to markets in the lower 48 states.
The timber industry also grew during the early 20th century, with logging operations harvesting the dense forests around Haines. The local economy benefited from the export of timber, which was in high demand during periods of industrial growth in the U.S.
Infrastructure improvements, including the construction of the Haines Highway in the 1940s, helped connect the town to the larger Alaskan and Canadian road networks, making travel and trade easier. The highway played a crucial role in linking Haines to the Alaska Highway, increasing accessibility for both residents and tourists.
World War II and Military Influence
During World War II, Haines and Fort William H. Seward played important roles in the defense of Alaska. The fort was used as a training base and supply depot, and the region’s strategic location made it a key part of the U.S. military’s northern defense line. Although Haines was not the site of any major military conflicts, the presence of the military brought additional infrastructure and investment to the area, which helped spur post-war development.
Formation of Haines Borough and Modern Era (1968-Present)
Formation of Haines Borough (1968)
Haines Borough was officially incorporated on August 29, 1968, as part of Alaska’s effort to create boroughs that could provide local governance and manage public services such as education, infrastructure, and land use. The formation of the borough gave residents more control over local affairs and enabled them to manage the region’s growth and development. Haines became the borough seat, serving as the administrative center for the surrounding communities.
Since its incorporation, Haines Borough has focused on maintaining a balance between economic development and preserving its natural environment. The borough has grown as a center of tourism and outdoor recreation, while also supporting fishing, logging, and small-scale industry.
Modern Tourism and Environmental Conservation
In recent decades, Haines Borough has become a popular destination for eco-tourism, outdoor adventure, and wildlife viewing. The borough’s proximity to Glacier Bay National Park and the Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve attracts visitors from around the world who come to experience the region’s stunning landscapes and diverse wildlife. The Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve, established in 1982, protects the world’s largest concentration of bald eagles, making it a key destination for birdwatchers and nature lovers.
Haines is also known for its scenic beauty, with the surrounding mountains, rivers, and forests providing opportunities for hiking, fishing, kayaking, and skiing. The borough’s focus on environmental conservation has helped preserve the natural resources that make the region so attractive to tourists and residents alike.
Cultural Heritage and Community Life
The Tlingit heritage remains an important part of Haines Borough’s cultural identity. The village of Klukwan continues to be a center of Tlingit culture, where traditional arts, language, and practices are celebrated and passed down through generations. The Chilkat Indian Village in Klukwan is home to the Jilkaat Kwaan Heritage Center, which preserves and showcases the history and culture of the Tlingit people.
Haines also hosts several annual festivals and events, including the Southeast Alaska State Fair and the Bald Eagle Festival, which celebrate the region’s culture, history, and wildlife. These events bring the community together and attract visitors from across Alaska and beyond.
Cultural and Historical Landmarks in Haines Borough
Fort William H. Seward
Fort William H. Seward, also known as Chilkoot Barracks, is a well-preserved military fort established in 1902. The fort’s historic buildings are now a popular tourist attraction, offering visitors a glimpse into the region’s military history and its role during the gold rush and World War II.
Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve
The Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve, located near Haines, is home to the world’s largest concentration of bald eagles. The preserve covers over 48,000 acres and is a prime spot for eagle viewing, particularly during the fall salmon run, when thousands of eagles gather to feed.
Klukwan and the Jilkaat Kwaan Heritage Center
Klukwan is a traditional Tlingit village located along the Chilkat River. The Jilkaat Kwaan Heritage Center in Klukwan is dedicated to preserving the culture and history of the Tlingit people. The center features exhibits on Tlingit art, history, and traditional practices, and is a cultural hub for the community.
Haines Highway
The Haines Highway is a scenic route that connects Haines to the Alaska Highway in Canada. The highway offers breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains, glaciers, and rivers, making it a popular route for tourists and road-trippers.
Present-Day Haines Borough
Population and Demographics
As of the 2020 census, Haines Borough has a population of approximately 2,500 residents. The population is spread across several small communities, with Haines serving as the largest town and administrative center. The borough has a diverse population, including Indigenous Tlingit people, non-Native Alaskans, and seasonal residents who come for work or tourism-related activities.
Economy and Infrastructure
Haines Borough’s economy is centered around tourism, fishing, and small-scale industry. The region’s natural beauty and outdoor recreation opportunities attract visitors year-round, while commercial fishing remains an important industry, particularly for salmon and halibut. The borough has invested in infrastructure improvements, including roads, schools, and public services, to support its growing tourism industry and ensure a high quality of life for residents.
