History of Howard County, Arkansas

Howard County, located in southwestern Arkansas, has a rich history that reflects the broader development of the American South. Founded in 1873, the county was named after James H. Howard, a state senator who was instrumental in its formation. Known for its timber and agricultural resources, Howard County has played a significant role in Arkansas’ economic development. Over the years, the county has grown from a frontier settlement to a thriving community centered around agriculture, industry, and natural resources. Its deep historical roots, combined with modern development, make Howard County a unique part of Arkansas.

Howard County Facts

• Founded: April 17, 1873
• Population: Approximately 13,000 (2023 estimate)
• Area: 595 square miles
• Area Codes: 870
• ZIP Codes: 71833–71971
• County Seat: Nashville
• Major Cities: Nashville, Dierks, Mineral Springs
• Famous Landmarks: Crater of Diamonds State Park (nearby), Nashville Historic District, Dierks Lake, Howard County Courthouse

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Native American Presence and Early Settlement (Pre-1800s–1830s)

Before European settlers arrived, the area now known as Howard County was inhabited by Native American tribes. The region’s rich natural resources, including fertile soil and vast forests, made it an attractive area for early inhabitants. By the early 19th century, settlers from other parts of Arkansas and the surrounding states began arriving, seeking new opportunities in farming and land development.

Native American Inhabitants and Early European Exploration (Pre-1800s)

• Long before European settlers arrived, the area that would become Howard County was inhabited by the Caddo tribe, who used the region’s rivers and fertile land for agriculture, hunting, and trade.
• French and Spanish explorers traveled through southwestern Arkansas in the 18th century, establishing trade routes with local tribes, although settlement remained sparse until the early 19th century following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which brought Arkansas under U.S. control.

Early American Settlement and Agricultural Beginnings (1820s–1830s)

• 1820s–1830s: American settlers began to move into the region, attracted by the availability of land and the rich natural resources. Many of the early settlers were farmers who cleared the land to grow crops such as corn, cotton, and vegetables, while also raising livestock.
• The area that would become Howard County remained rural and isolated in the early decades of American settlement, with small farming communities emerging throughout the region.

Formation of Howard County and Early Development (1870s–1900s)

Howard County was officially formed in 1873, during a period of significant growth and development in Arkansas. The county’s economy was based primarily on agriculture, with cotton becoming the dominant crop. The arrival of the railroad in the late 19th century further spurred the county’s growth, connecting it to larger markets and facilitating trade.

Establishment of Howard County (1873)

• April 17, 1873: Howard County was officially established, carved out of portions of Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, and Polk counties. It was named after James H. Howard, a state senator who played a key role in the county’s creation.
• The county seat was located in Nashville, which quickly grew into a center for government and commerce in the region.

Agricultural Growth and the Rise of Cotton (1870s–1900s)

• During the late 19th century, agriculture was the backbone of Howard County’s economy. Cotton emerged as the dominant crop, and many local farmers grew cotton for export. The region’s fertile soil and temperate climate made it an ideal place for cotton cultivation, and small family farms dotted the landscape.
• In addition to cotton, farmers also grew corn, vegetables, and raised livestock to support their families and local markets.

Arrival of the Railroad and Economic Expansion (1880s–1900s)

• 1880s: The arrival of the railroad was a turning point for Howard County. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway reached Nashville in 1884, connecting the county to larger markets in Little Rock, Memphis, and beyond. This made it easier for local farmers to transport cotton and other agricultural products to market, fueling economic growth.
• The railroad also helped facilitate the development of the timber industry, as the county’s abundant forests became a valuable resource for lumber production. The combination of agriculture and timber drove much of the county’s economic activity during this period.

The Civil War and Reconstruction in Howard County (1861–1870s)

Although Howard County was not formally established until 1873, the area that would become the county was deeply affected by the Civil War and the Reconstruction period. The war caused significant disruptions to the region’s economy, particularly its cotton production, and the post-war period brought significant social and economic changes.

The Civil War’s Impact on the Region (1861–1865)

• 1861: When Arkansas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy, many men from the area that would become Howard County enlisted in Confederate forces. The region saw limited direct combat, but the war caused widespread disruption to local agriculture and trade.
• The collapse of the Confederate economy and the Union blockade of Southern ports made it difficult for local farmers to sell their cotton, causing economic hardship throughout the region.

Reconstruction and the Establishment of Howard County (1865–1870s)

• 1865–1870s: The end of the Civil War brought significant changes to the region, as the abolition of slavery forced plantation owners to adapt to new labor systems. Many farmers turned to sharecropping and tenant farming, which allowed them to continue growing cotton but often led to cycles of debt and poverty for the workers.
• The establishment of Howard County in 1873 marked the beginning of a new chapter for the region, as it worked to rebuild its agricultural economy and recover from the devastation of the Civil War.

The Timber Industry and Economic Growth (1900s–1940s)

In the early 20th century, the timber industry became an increasingly important part of Howard County’s economy. The county’s vast forests were harvested for lumber, creating jobs and contributing to the region’s economic growth. Agriculture remained central to the economy, but the rise of the timber industry provided new opportunities for development.

Growth of the Timber Industry (1900s–1940s)

• 1900s: The early 20th century saw the rapid growth of the timber industry in Howard County. The county’s abundant pine and hardwood forests became a valuable resource for the production of lumber, which was used for construction and manufacturing across the country.
• Sawmills and timber companies were established in towns like Dierks, which became a center of the timber industry in the region. The timber industry provided jobs for many local residents and helped diversify the county’s economy beyond agriculture.
• Dierks Lake and other areas developed around the timber industry remain key parts of Howard County’s industrial and recreational landscapes today.

The Agricultural Economy During the Early 20th Century

• While the timber industry was growing, agriculture remained an essential part of Howard County’s economy during the early 20th century. Cotton continued to be the dominant crop, although farmers also grew corn, vegetables, and raised livestock to diversify their income.
• World War I brought increased demand for agricultural products, which helped boost the local economy. However, the Great Depression in the 1930s caused widespread economic hardship for farmers, as crop prices plummeted and many lost their land to foreclosure.

The Great Depression, World War II, and Post-War Growth (1930s–1950s)

Like much of the nation, Howard County was deeply affected by the Great Depression, which brought significant economic hardship to the region. However, the outbreak of World War II and the post-war boom led to new economic opportunities and infrastructure development, helping the county recover and grow.

The Great Depression’s Impact on Howard County (1930s)

• 1930s: The Great Depression had a devastating impact on Howard County’s agricultural economy. Cotton prices fell to record lows, and many farmers were unable to pay their debts. As a result, many farms were foreclosed upon, and families were forced to leave their land.
• New Deal programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), provided jobs and infrastructure improvements in the county, helping to alleviate some of the economic hardship.

World War II and Post-War Growth (1940s–1950s)

• 1940s: During World War II, many men from Howard County served in the military, while those who remained at home contributed to the war effort through increased agricultural and timber production. The demand for lumber and food during the war helped revive the local economy.
• Post-war development in the 1950s saw improvements in infrastructure, including the construction of new roads, schools, and public utilities, which helped modernize the county and improve the quality of life for residents.

Late 20th Century to Present: Economic Diversification and Preservation (1960s–Present)

In the latter half of the 20th century, Howard County experienced gradual economic diversification, as new industries and businesses developed alongside the traditional agricultural and timber sectors. Efforts to preserve the county’s historical heritage and natural beauty also became increasingly important.

Economic Diversification and Modern Growth (1960s–1990s)

• 1960s–1990s: Howard County’s economy continued to evolve in the second half of the 20th century, with new industries, including manufacturing and retail, contributing to local growth. Agriculture and timber remained central to the economy, but the county began to attract new businesses, particularly in the county seat of Nashville.
• The construction of Dierks Lake and the development of recreational areas around the lake provided new opportunities for tourism and outdoor recreation, further diversifying the county’s economy.

Historical Preservation and Tourism

• 1980s–Present: In recent decades, Howard County has focused on preserving its historical landmarks and promoting tourism. The Howard County Courthouse and other historical sites have been maintained as symbols of the county’s rich heritage.
• The county’s proximity to attractions like Crater of Diamonds State Park, where visitors can search for diamonds, has helped draw tourists to the region. The park, while located in neighboring Pike County, has had a positive economic impact on the surrounding area, including Howard County.

Conclusion

Howard County’s history reflects the broader narrative of Arkansas’ development, from its early days as a frontier farming community to its growth as an agricultural and timber-producing center. Today, Howard County remains a vibrant rural community with a strong connection to its past and a focus on modern economic and cultural growth. Its agricultural roots, timber industry, and historical landmarks continue to shape its identity as an essential part of Arkansas’ history.

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Sources for Howard County History

To learn more about Howard County’s history, visit:

• Nashville Historic District for a look at the county’s architectural and historical legacy
• Dierks Lake for outdoor recreation and insight into the timber industry’s impact
• Howard County Courthouse to explore the county’s legal and governmental history