History of Juneau Borough, Alaska
Juneau Borough, located in Southeast Alaska, is both a city and a borough, serving as the state capital since 1906. Known for its rich history in gold mining, it has evolved into a hub for government, tourism, and fishing. The city was founded after the discovery of gold in the late 19th century and quickly became one of Alaska’s most important towns. Juneau’s unique position, nestled between the Gastineau Channel and the Coast Mountains, along with its political and economic significance, makes it a vital part of Alaska’s history and present.
County Facts
- Founded: Incorporated on October 18, 1970 (as a unified city and borough)
- Population: Approximately 32,255 (as of 2020 Census)
- Area: 3,254 square miles
- Area Code: 907
- ZIP Codes: 99801-99803, 99811, 99821, 99824
- County Seat: Juneau
- Major Cities: Juneau (only incorporated city in the borough)
- Famous Landmarks:
- Mendenhall Glacier
- Alaska State Capitol
- Mount Roberts Tramway
- Tracy Arm Fjord
- Juneau-Douglas City Museum
Early History of Juneau Borough (Pre-1880)
Indigenous Peoples and Early Inhabitants
Before European exploration, the region that would become Juneau Borough was home to the Tlingit people, an indigenous group that has inhabited Southeast Alaska for thousands of years. The Tlingit developed sophisticated societies, relying on the rich natural resources of the region, particularly fishing, for their sustenance. Their communities were centered around the rich coastal waters and abundant salmon runs, and their culture emphasized trade, art, and community.
The Tlingit people continue to have a strong presence in Juneau today, with cultural traditions that have been passed down through generations.
Russian Exploration (1741)
Russian exploration in Alaska began in the mid-18th century, with Russian fur traders and explorers making contact with the indigenous peoples of Southeast Alaska. However, the Russians did not establish any permanent settlements in the Juneau area, focusing instead on areas further north and west, like Sitka and Kodiak Island. Although Russian influence shaped parts of Alaska’s early history, it was the discovery of gold in the late 19th century that would truly change the trajectory of Juneau’s development.
The Gold Rush and Founding of Juneau (1880-1910)
Discovery of Gold (1880)
Juneau’s history as a city officially began in 1880, when gold was discovered in the region. Richard Harris and Joe Juneau, two prospectors guided by Tlingit Chief Kowee, found gold in what is now Gold Creek. Their discovery sparked a gold rush, and prospectors flooded into the area to stake their claims. Juneau (initially known as Harrisburg and later Rockwell) was soon established as a mining town.
The discovery of gold transformed the area into one of Alaska’s most important economic hubs. Juneau rapidly grew as miners and settlers built homes, businesses, and infrastructure to support the booming mining industry.
Juneau Becomes the Capital (1906)
In 1906, Alaska’s territorial capital was moved from Sitka to Juneau, solidifying its political importance in the region. The decision to move the capital was based on Juneau’s central location and growing population, thanks to the success of the gold mining industry. As a result, Juneau began to develop as both a political and economic center, further cementing its status as one of the most vital cities in Alaska.
The Mining Era and Economic Growth (1910-1940)
Expansion of Mining Operations
Throughout the early 20th century, Juneau’s economy was driven by large-scale mining operations. The Alaska-Juneau (AJ) Gold Mine, which opened in 1916, became one of the world’s largest hard rock gold mines, producing millions of ounces of gold. The Treadwell Mine on Douglas Island, across the Gastineau Channel from Juneau, was also one of the largest mining operations of its time until it was destroyed by flooding in 1917.
Development of Infrastructure
As the mining industry grew, so did the need for infrastructure to support the growing population. Schools, hospitals, roads, and homes were built to accommodate miners and their families. The city’s population grew, and by the 1930s, Juneau had established itself as a major Alaskan city.
Decline of Mining (1940s)
However, by the 1940s, the gold mining industry began to decline due to a combination of factors, including the depletion of easily accessible gold and the shift in global economic priorities during World War II. The Alaska-Juneau Gold Mine closed in 1944, marking the end of Juneau’s mining boom.
World War II and Post-War Development (1940-1960)
World War II and Military Presence
During World War II, Alaska played a strategic role in the defense of the United States. Although Juneau was not directly involved in military operations, its location made it a key logistics hub. The war effort brought new jobs and people to the region, helping to diversify the local economy beyond mining.
Post-War Economic Changes
After World War II, Juneau’s economy shifted away from mining and toward government administration and services. As the territorial capital, Juneau’s role in governance grew in importance, particularly with the approach of statehood in 1959. Government employment became a significant part of the local economy, with many federal and state agencies establishing offices in the city.
Statehood and Modern Development (1960-Present)
Alaska Statehood (1959)
Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3, 1959. Juneau retained its status as the state capital, despite efforts from some other Alaskan cities to move the capital. The arrival of statehood brought new government jobs and increased investment in infrastructure, contributing to Juneau’s continued growth.
Incorporation of the City and Borough of Juneau (1970)
On October 18, 1970, the City of Juneau and the surrounding areas were unified into the City and Borough of Juneau, creating a consolidated government that could more efficiently manage services and resources. This move was part of a larger trend in Alaska toward borough incorporation, which aimed to improve local governance and management of resources.
Tourism and Fishing
In recent decades, Juneau has become a major hub for tourism, with thousands of visitors arriving each year via cruise ships and airplanes. The city’s stunning natural beauty, including attractions like Mendenhall Glacier, Tracy Arm Fjord, and Mount Roberts, draws visitors from around the world. The fishing industry, particularly for salmon and halibut, also continues to be a critical part of the local economy.
Famous Landmarks and Attractions
Mendenhall Glacier
Mendenhall Glacier is one of Juneau’s most famous landmarks, attracting visitors who come to witness its stunning beauty. Located just 13 miles from downtown Juneau, the glacier is easily accessible and offers opportunities for hiking, kayaking, and wildlife viewing.
Alaska State Capitol
The Alaska State Capitol building in downtown Juneau has been the center of Alaskan government since 1931. The building houses the offices of the governor, the state legislature, and other important government functions, making it a key landmark in Alaska’s political history.
Mount Roberts Tramway
The Mount Roberts Tramway offers spectacular views of Juneau and the surrounding Gastineau Channel from the summit of Mount Roberts. Visitors can ride the tramway up the mountain and explore hiking trails, a nature center, and local art displays.
Tracy Arm Fjord
Tracy Arm Fjord, located about 45 miles south of Juneau, is renowned for its dramatic landscapes of glaciers, waterfalls, and towering cliffs. The fjord is a popular destination for cruise ships and tour boats, offering some of the best views of Alaska’s rugged wilderness.
Juneau-Douglas City Museum
The Juneau-Douglas City Museum provides a comprehensive look at the history of Juneau and the surrounding region. Exhibits cover topics such as gold mining, indigenous cultures, and the development of the city.
